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HEART ATTACK
A heart attack occurs when an artery supplying your heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked. This loss of blood flow injures your heart muscle. A heart attack generally causes chest pain for more than 15 minutes, but it can also be "silent" and have no symptoms at all.
Many people who suffer a heart attack have warning symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. The earliest predictor of an attack may be recurrent chest pain that's triggered by exertion and relieved by rest.
Someone having an attack may experience any or all of the following:
- Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or squeezing pain in the center of the chest. The pain might last several minutes or come and go. It may be triggered by exertion and relieved by rest.
- Prolonged pain in the upper abdomen
- Discomfort or pain spreading beyond the chest to the shoulders, neck, jaw, teeth, one or both arms
- Shortness of breath
- Lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting
- Sweating
- Nausea
If you or someone else may be having a heart attack:
- Dial 911 or your local emergency medical assistance number. Don't tough out the symptoms of a heart attack for more than five minutes. If you don't have access to emergency medical services, have a neighbor or a friend drive you to the nearest hospital. Police or fire rescue units may also be a source of transportation. Drive yourself only as a last resort, if there are absolutely no other options, and realize that it places you and others at risk when you drive under these circumstances.
- Consider taking an aspirin if your doctor has previously specifically recommended that you take an aspirin if you ever think you're having a heart attack. But seek emergency help first, such as calling 911. Take the aspirin just as your doctor advised. If you haven't talked to your doctor about taking aspirin if you think you may be having a heart attack, then don't take aspirin. If you take an aspirin and it turns out that you have another condition, you risk putting yourself in more danger.
- Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed. If you think you're having a heart attack and your doctor has previously prescribed nitroglycerin for you, take it as directed. Do not take anyone else's nitroglycerin, as that could put you in more danger.
- Begin CPR. If you are with a person who might be having a heart attack and he or she is unconscious, tell the 911 dispatcher or another emergency medical specialist. You may be advised to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Even if you're not trained, a dispatcher can instruct you in CPR until help arrives.
What Do these Celebrities Have in Common?
Cher. Former President Ronald Reagan. Former New York Mayor Ed Koch. Elizabeth Taylor. Goldie Hawn. Walter Matthau. Carrie Fisher. Dick Vitale. News anchor John Chancellor. Jack Lemmon.
What is the connection between these well-known people? Actually, it's a well-known life-saving procedure. Each of these famous people was saved from choking to death by the Heimlich Maneuver.
Since the Heimlich Maneuver was introduced in 1974 by Henry Heimlich, M.D., it has saved the lives of more than 50,000 people, famous and not-so-famous. In 1985, then U.S. Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop endorsed the Heimlich Maneuver as the only safe method for saving a choking victim.
The universally-known procedure is a celebrity itself, appearing in such famous places as comic strips, television shows, movies and, most importantly, the dictionary.
Hypothermia: First aid
Under most conditions your body maintains a healthy temperature. However, when exposed to cold temperatures or to a cool, damp environment for prolonged periods, your body's control mechanisms may fail to keep your body temperature normal. When more heat is lost than your body can generate, hypothermia can result.
Wet or damp clothing, an uncovered head and inadequate clothing during cold, winter weather can increase your chances of hypothermia, as can falling into cold water.
Hypothermia is defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 F. Signs and symptoms include:
- Shivering
- Slurred speech
- Abnormally slow breathing
- Cold, pale skin
- Loss of coordination
- Fatigue, lethargy or apathy
Symptoms usually develop slowly. Someone with hypothermia typically experiences gradual loss of mental acuity and physical ability, and so may be unaware of the need for emergency medical treatment.
Older adults, infants, young children and people who are very lean are at particular risk. Other people at higher risk for hypothermia than the general public include those whose judgment may be impaired by mental illness or Alzheimer's disease and people who are intoxicated, homeless or caught in cold weather because their vehicles have broken down. Other conditions that may predispose people to hypothermia are malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).
To care for someone with hypothermia:
- Dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. While waiting for help to arrive, monitor the person's breathing. If breathing stops or seems dangerously slow or shallow, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.
- Move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn't possible, protect the person from the wind, cover his or her head, and insulate his or her body from the cold ground.
- Remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with a warm, dry covering.
- Don't apply direct heat. Don't use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the victim. Instead, apply warm compresses to the neck, chest wall and groin. Don't attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal.
- Don't give the person alcohol. Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks, unless the person is vomiting.
- Don't massage or rub the person. Handle people with hypothermia gently, because they're at risk of cardiac arrest.
Frostbite: First aid
When exposed to very cold temperatures, skin and underlying tissues may freeze, resulting in frostbite. The areas most likely to be affected by frostbite are your hands, feet, nose and ears.
You can identify frostbite by the hard, pale and cold quality of the skin that has been exposed to the cold. As the area thaws, the flesh becomes red and painful.
If your fingers, ears or other areas suffer frostbite:
- Get out of the cold.
- Warm your hands by tucking them under your arms. If your nose, ears or face is frostbitten, warm the area by covering it with dry, gloved hands.
- Don't rub the affected area. Never rub snow on frostbitten skin.
- If there's any chance of refreezing, don't thaw out the affected areas. If they're already thawed out, wrap them up so they don't refreeze.
- Get emergency medical help if numbness remains during warming. If you can't get help immediately, warm severely frostbitten hands or feet in warm — not hot — water.
Stroke: First aid
A stroke occurs when there's bleeding into your brain, or normal blood flow to your brain is blocked. Within minutes of being deprived of essential nutrients, brain cells start dying — a process that may continue over the next several hours.
This is a true emergency. Seek immediate medical assistance. The sooner treatment is given, the more likely damage can be minimized. Every moment counts.
Remember: The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the damage and potential disability. Success of treatment may depend on how soon you receive care.
Risk factors for stroke include having high blood pressure, having had a previous stroke, smoking, having diabetes and having heart disease. Your risk of stroke increases as you age.
If you notice a sudden onset of one or more of the signs or symptoms listed below, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately:
- Sudden weakness or numbness in your face, arm or leg on one side of your body
- Sudden dimness, blurring or loss of vision, particularly in one eye
- Loss of speech or trouble talking or understanding speech
- Sudden, severe headache — a bolt out of the blue — with no apparent cause
- Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or a sudden fall, especially if accompanied by any of the other symptoms.
The 10 Most Dangerous Jobs
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